And it was Spencer, not Darwin, who gave us the phrase “survival of the fittest,” though Darwin would later use it in his writing. Spencer’s first writings on evolution came in 1851, eight years before the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. Teetering on the boundary is Herbert Spencer, born 200 years ago this week. Some, like Charles Darwin, changed the way we think about the world, while many more have faded into obscurity-along with their ideas. B.: 1970, ‘Deducing the Consequences of Evolution: A Mathematical Model,’ Journal of Theoretical Biology 29, 343–385.Victorian England had its fair share of great minds. K.: 1986, ‘Natural Selection Without Survival of the Fittest,’ Biology and Philosophy 1, 207–225. C.: 1980, The Scientific Image, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Morganbesser (ed.), Philosophy of Science Today Van Nostrand, New York. Suppes, P: 1967, ‘What Is a Scientific Theory?’ in S. Sober, E.: 1984, The Nature of Selection, M.I.T. Sober, E.: 1981, ‘Evolutionary Theory and the Ontological Status of Properties,’ Philosophical Studies 40, 147–176. C.: 1963, Philosophy and Scientific Realism, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Rosenberg, A.: 1982, ‘Discussion: On the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness,’ Philosophy of Science 49, 268–273. Rosenberg, A.: 1978, ‘The Supervenience of Biological Concepts,’ Philosophy of Science 45, 368–386. Popper, K.: 1974, ‘Intellctual Autobiography’, in Schlipp (ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Open Court, LaSalle, Ill.
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